Satellite Altimetry and Hydrologic Modeling of Poorly-Gauged Tropical Watershed

This report was prepared for and submitted to the Graduate School of the Ohio State University as a dissertation for partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree.This research was carried out under supervision of Professor C.K. Shum, Division of Geodetic Science, School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University. Hidayat at Hydrology and Quantitative Water Management Department of Wageningen University and Limnology Research Agency of Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI) are especially acknowledged for providing in-situ discharge, rating curve and precipitation data for the Upper Mahakam Sub-watershed study region.This research is primarily supported by the Fulbright PhD Presidential Scholarship administered by American Indonesian Exchange Foundation (AMINEF) and the Institute for International Education (IIE). In addition, this study is partially funded by grants from NASA's Ocean Surface Topography Science Team project (Univ. of Colorado, 154-5322), NASA's Geodetic Imaging project (NNX12AQ07G), NASA's Application Science Program under the SERVIR project (NNX12AM85G), and The Ohio State University's Climate, Water, and Carbon (http://cwc.osu.edu/) program.Fresh water resources are critical for daily human consumption. Therefore, a continuous monitoring effort over their quantity and quality is instrumental. One important model for water quantity monitoring is the rainfall-runoff model, which represents the response of a watershed to the variability of precipitation, thus estimating the discharge of a channel (Bedient and Huber, 2002, Beven, 2012). Remote sensing and satellite geodetic observations are capable to provide critical hydrological parameters, which can be used to support hydrologic modeling. For the case of satellite radar altimetry, limited temporal resolutions (e.g., satellite revisit period) prohibit the use of this method for a short (<weekly) interval monitoring of water level or discharge. On the other hand, the current satellite radar altimeter footprints limit the water level measurement for rivers wider than 1 km (Birkett, 1998, Birkett et al., 2002). Some studies indeed reported successful retrieval of water level for small-size rivers as narrow as 80 m (Kuo and Kao, 2011, Michailovsky et al., 2012); however, the processing of current satellite altimetry signals for small water bodies to retrieve accurate water levels, remains challenging. To address this scientific challenge, this study poses two main objectives: (1) to monitor small (40–200 m width) and medium-sized (200–800 m width) rivers and lakes using satellite altimetry through identification and choice of the over-water radar waveforms corresponding to the appropriately waveform-retracked water level; and (2) to develop a rainfall-runoff hydrological model to represent the response of mesoscale watershed to the variability of precipitation. Both studies address the humid tropics of Southeast Asia, specifically in Indonesia, where similar studies do not yet exist. This study uses the Level 2 radar altimeter measurements generated by European Space Agency’s (ESA’s) Envisat (Environmental Satellite) mission. The first study proves that satellite altimetry provides a good alternative or the only means in some regions to measure the water level of medium-sized river (200–800 m width) and small lake (extent <1000 km2) in Southeast Asia humid tropic with reasonable accuracy. In addition, the procedure to choose retracked Envisat altimetry water level heights via identification or selection of over water waveform shapes is reliable; therefore this study concluded that the use of waveform shape selection procedure should be a standard measure in determining qualified range measurements especially over small rivers and lakes. This study also found that Ice-1 is not necessarily the best retracker as reported by previous studies, among the four standard waveform retracking algorithms for Envisat altimetry observing hydrologic bodies. The second study modeled the response of the poorly-gauged watershed in the Southeast Asia’s humid tropic through the application of Hydrologic Engineering Center – Hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS). The performance evaluation of HEC-HMS discharge estimation confirms a good match between the simulated discharges with the observed ones. As the result of precipitation data analysis, this study found that Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) is the preferred input forcing for the model, given the thorough evaluation of its relationship with field-measured precipitation data prior to its use as primary climatic forcing. This iii research also proposes a novel approach to process the TRMM precipitation estimation spatially through Thiessen polygon and area average hybrid method, which model the spatial distribution of TRMM data to match the spatial location of field meteorological stations. Through a simultaneous validation that compares the water level anomaly transformed from HEC-HMS simulated discharge and satellite altimetry measurement, this study found that satellite altimetry measures water level anomaly closer to the true water level anomaly than the water level anomaly converted from HEC-HMS simulated discharge. Some critical recommendations for future studies include the use of waveform shape selection procedure in the satellite altimetry based water level measurement of small and medium-sized rivers and small lakes, as well as the exploration to implement data assimilation between satellite altimetry and the hydrologic model for better discharge and water level estimations

PENYUSUNAN RENCANA TATA RUANG DESA (RTRWDES) SECARA PARTISIPATIF DI DESA MUARA SIRAN DAN DESA LIANG BUAYA KECAMATAN MUARA KAMAN KABUPATEN KUTAI KARTANEGARA

This study aims to obtain information on plans and spatial use patterns and spatial structures in Muara Siran and Liang Buaya villages and compile information on land cover and socio-economic conditions of the community. Muara Siran Village Spatial Plan and Liang Buaya Village Spatial Plan are divided into 2 areas, namely the Cultivation Zone and the Protected Area. The preparation of the RTRW of Muara Siran Village and Liang Buaya Village is the first example for the Regency Government in the preparation of a participatory Village RTRW in the Kutai Kartanegara District environment. The people of Muara Siran Village and Liang Buaya Village are dominated by the Kutai tribe, most of whose livelihoods are fishing, farming and cage cultivation. So that village spatial planning becomes very important in the utilization and control of natural resources. With the implementation of the participatory village spatial planning concept, it needs to be replicated by other villages in Kutai Kartanegara Regency to support development as well as to protect the area through spatial planning so that in future development planning is in accordance with the potential of each village

ANALISIS KUALITAS AIR PADA DANAU KENOHAN SUWI, MUARA ANCALONG, KABUPATEN KUTAI TIMUR, KALIMANTAN TIMUR

Danau Kenohan Suwi adalah bentang Danau yang meliputi sungai, rawa dan danau dengan nilai ekosistem esensial untuk kehidupan tumbuhan, satwa dan manusia. Danau ini terletak didalam sub DAS Kedang Kepala. Pencemaran air yang saat ini terjadi pada Danau Kenohan Suwi sudah harus mulai diperhatikan. Sehingga perlu dilakukannya penelitian yang dapat menganalisa tingkat kualitas air yang ada pada Danau tersebut. Penentuan status mutu air pada penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan metode STORET dan Indeks Pencemaran (IP) yang telah diatur dalam Keputusan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No. 115 Tahun 2003. Kemudian dilakukan perhitungan Daya Tampung Beban Pencemaran (DTBP) yang telah diatur pada Peraturan Menteri Negara Lingkungan Hidup No. 28 Tahun 2009. Analisis dilakukan untuk mengetahui seberapa besar tingkat pencemaran dan nilai daya tampung pencemaran yang ada khususnya untuk parameter BOD. Berdasarkan hasil dari penentuan status mutu air Danau Kenohan Suwi, didapatkan hasil bahwa status mutu air Danau tersebut adalah Cemar Ringan. Kemudian perhitungan alokasi beban pencemar Danau Kenohan Suwi dilakukan pada setiap titik. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa nilai alokasi beban pencemar parameter BOD adalah 1400 mg/m3. Adapun hasil dari perhitungan nilai daya tampung beban pencemar parameter BOD Danau Kenohan Suwi, didapatkan hasil sebesar 51,90737 ton/tahun

PEMODELAN HIDROLOGI PADA DAS KENDILO DI KABUPATEN PASER, PROVINSI KALIMANTAN TIMUR

Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Kendilo adalah salah satu DAS penting yang ada di Kabupaten Paser, Kalimantan Timur dan termasuk dalam kondisi kritis. Pembukaan lahan dan perubahan tata guna lahan menyebabkan DAS Kendilo mengalami degradasi dan meningkatkan resiko bencana banjir. Penelitian ini berfokus pada transformasi curah hujan menjadi debit aliran yang dimodelkan dengan model HEC-HMS. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah melakukan perancangan model hidrologi pada DAS Kendilo dan mengetahui besar debit yang dihasilkan pada curah hujan tertinggi dan terendah di DAS Kendilo. Penentuan volume limpasan, limpasan langsung, aliran dasar, dan rute aliran masing-masing menggunakan metode SCS curve number, SCS unit hydrograph, Constant monthly dan Muskingum-Cunge routing. Validasi model menggunakan uji statistik Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) dengan hasil menunjukkan nilai NSE sebesar 0,53 dan 0,49, sehingga dapat dikatakan model HEC-HMS pada penelitian ini telah akurat. Pada curah hujan tertinggi DAS Kendilo dapat memproduksi debit sebesar 390 m3 /detik dan pada curah hujan terendah DAS Kendilo dapat memproduksi debit sebesar 70 m3 /detik. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, model hujan-limpasan dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi banjir pada wilayah DAS Kendilo

PEMODELAN HIDROLOGI DENGAN HEC-HMS DI SUB-DAS KARANGMUMUS SAMARINDA

Hydrological Modeling with HEC-HMS in the Karangmumus Sub-watershed Samarinda. The HEC-HMS is used to develop a model of water flow in the Karangmumus which can be used as an alternative for flooding problem. The purpose of this study is to determine the amount of flow discharge generated from rainfall that enters the Karangmumus using the HEC-HMS and to determine the effect of rain parameters on the HEC-HMS to make an hydrological model simulation.For simulation using daily rainfall and water level data, curve number, percentage of watertight, amount of initial absorption and the time needed to reach the peak discharge in the sub-watersheds obtained from the river model created. The highest rainfall Karangmumus Sub-watershed that is 84,4 mm produces a discharge of 211 m3/sec and at the lowest rainfall of 1,05 mm produces a discharge of 3,4 m3/sec. Hydrological modeling of the simulation results has the same hydrograph with the rainfall data but not the discharge data calculated with the rating curve. The validation of observing the debit data of the efficiency value (NSE) <0,36 which means that the data used are not satisfactory or invalid

Environment Degradation and Rural Livelihood of Mulawarman Community in Indonesia

This article aims to describe the livelihoods of communities around the mining area through cases in Mulawarman Village, Tenggarong Seberang District, Kutai Kartanegara Regency, East Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach. These findings show that the vegetation index value in Mulawarman Village degraded from 2014 (0.35) until 2019 (0.33). It shows forest degradation, which affects the livelihoods of rural communities that depend on agriculture or forestry. The leading cause of the decline in the vegetation index value is the expansion of coal mining activities. Indirectly, coal mining activities have limited the ability of the Mulawarman village community to access natural resources. Some residents of Mulawarman village have decided to sell agricultural land and move to other places. However, residents still survive to live in Mulawarman village by starting livestock and trading businesses to maintain their livelihoods. &nbsp

Altimetry for the future: Building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the ‘‘Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

Altimetry for the future: building on 25 years of progress

In 2018 we celebrated 25 years of development of radar altimetry, and the progress achieved by this methodology in the fields of global and coastal oceanography, hydrology, geodesy and cryospheric sciences. Many symbolic major events have celebrated these developments, e.g., in Venice, Italy, the 15th (2006) and 20th (2012) years of progress and more recently, in 2018, in Ponta Delgada, Portugal, 25 Years of Progress in Radar Altimetry. On this latter occasion it was decided to collect contributions of scientists, engineers and managers involved in the worldwide altimetry community to depict the state of altimetry and propose recommendations for the altimetry of the future. This paper summarizes contributions and recommendations that were collected and provides guidance for future mission design, research activities, and sustainable operational radar altimetry data exploitation. Recommendations provided are fundamental for optimizing further scientific and operational advances of oceanographic observations by altimetry, including requirements for spatial and temporal resolution of altimetric measurements, their accuracy and continuity. There are also new challenges and new openings mentioned in the paper that are particularly crucial for observations at higher latitudes, for coastal oceanography, for cryospheric studies and for hydrology. The paper starts with a general introduction followed by a section on Earth System Science including Ocean Dynamics, Sea Level, the Coastal Ocean, Hydrology, the Cryosphere and Polar Oceans and the “Green” Ocean, extending the frontier from biogeochemistry to marine ecology. Applications are described in a subsequent section, which covers Operational Oceanography, Weather, Hurricane Wave and Wind Forecasting, Climate projection. Instruments’ development and satellite missions’ evolutions are described in a fourth section. A fifth section covers the key observations that altimeters provide and their potential complements, from other Earth observation measurements to in situ data. Section 6 identifies the data and methods and provides some accuracy and resolution requirements for the wet tropospheric correction, the orbit and other geodetic requirements, the Mean Sea Surface, Geoid and Mean Dynamic Topography, Calibration and Validation, data accuracy, data access and handling (including the DUACS system). Section 7 brings a transversal view on scales, integration, artificial intelligence, and capacity building (education and training). Section 8 reviews the programmatic issues followed by a conclusion

ANALYSIS OF HOUSING LAND CARRYING CAPACITY IN THE DISTRICT PALARAN, SAMARINDA CITY EAST KALIMANTAN

Population growth has an impact on development in various sectors. One of the sectors affected is the housing sector. In determining the location of housing requires a complex analysis in order to create a decent housing area. In the 2014-2034 Samarinda City Spatial Plan, certain locations have been determined to become residential areas. Palaran sub-district was chosen and prepared to become a high-density residential area. In this study, an analysis was carried out on the power of shamans for residential land in Palaran District. The analytical technique used to determine the carrying capacity and adequate capacity for housing is the Land Carrying Capacity Analysis Method which has been stipulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No. 20/PRT/M/2007 and the Indonesian National Standard 03-1733-2004 concerning Residential environmental planning procedures. In the analysis process, the data used are the Samarinda City Spatial Plan in 2014-2034 and the Draft RDTR of Palaran District. In the analysis of the carrying capacity of the land, the results of the land capability are divided into 5 classes. High development capability 1.091,01 Ha; rather high development capability 3.463,87 Ha; medium development capability 2,742,79 Ha; low development capability 8,963,35 Ha; and very low capacity 2,394,37 Ha. Based on the results of the analysis, it is obtained a suitable location for housing development in Palaran District.Pertambahan jumlah penduduk berdampak pada pembangunan di berbagai sektor. Salah satu sektor yang terpengaruh adalah sektor perumahan. Dalam penentuan lokasi perumahan diperlukan analisis yang kompleks agar terciptanya kawasan perumahan yang layak. Pada RTRW Kota Samarinda Tahun 2014-2034 telah ditentukan lokasi tertentu untuk menjadi kawasan permukiman. Kecamatan Palaran merupakan yang dipilih dan disipakan untuk menjadi kawasan perumahan kepadatan tinggi. Dalam kajian ini di lakukan analisa terhadap daya dukun lahan perumahan di Kecamatan Palaran. Teknik analisis yang digunakan untuk mengetahui kemampuan daya dukung dan daya tampung yang layak sebagai perumahan adalah dengan Metode Analisis Daya Dukung Lahan yang telah ditetapkan dalam Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum Nomor 20/PRT/M/2007 serta dengan&nbsp; Standar Nasional Indonesia 03-1733-2004 tentang Tata cara perencanaan lingkungan perumahan. Dalam proses analisisnya, data-data yang digunakan adalah RTRW Kota Samarinda tahun 2014-2034 dan Draft RDTR Kecamatan Palaran. Pada analisis daya dukung lahan diperoleh hasil kemampuan lahan yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelas. Kemampuan pengembangan tinggi 1.091,01 Ha; kemampuan pengembangan agak tinggi 3.463,87 Ha; kemampuan pengembangan sedang 2,742,79 Ha; kemampuan pengembangan rendah 8,963,35 Ha; dan kemampuan sangat rendah 2,394,37 Ha. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut, maka diperoleh lokasi yang layak untuk pembangunan perumahan di Kecamatan Palaran

Modeling and mapping aboveground biomass of the restored mangroves using ALOS-2 PALSAR-2 in East Kalimantan, Indonesia

Accurate estimation of forest aboveground biomass (AGB) using remote sensing is a requisite for monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) system of the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. However, attaining high accuracy remains a great challenge in the diverse tropical forests. Among available technologies, l-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) estimates AGB with reasonably high accuracy in the terrestrial tropical forests. Nevertheless, the accuracy is relatively low in the mangrove forests. In this context, the study was carried out to model and map AGB using backscatter coefficients of Advanced Land Observing Satellite-2 (ALOS-2) Phased Array l-band SAR-2 (PALSAR-2) in part of the restored mangrove forest at Mahakam Delta, Indonesia. PALSAR-2 data was acquired with image scene observation during the peak low tide on 30 July 2018 from Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency. The forest parameters namely tree height and diameter at breast height were measured from 71 field plots in September-October 2018. The parameters were used in mangrove allometry to calculate the field AGB. Finally, HV polarized backscatter coefficients of PALSAR-2 were used to model AGB using linear regression. The model demonstrated a comparatively high performance using three distinct methods viz. independent validation (R2 of 0.89 and RMSE of 23.16 tons ha−1), random k-fold cross validation (R2 of 0.89 and RMSE of 24.59 tons ha−1) and leave location out cross validation (LLO CV) (R2 of 0.88 and RMSE of 24.05 tons ha−1). The high accuracy of the LLO CV indicates no spatial overfitting in the model. Thus, the model based on LLO CV was used to map AGB in the study area. This is the first study that successfully obtains high accuracy in modeling AGB in the mangrove forest. Therefore, it offers a significant contribution to the MRV mechanism for monitoring mangrove forests in the tropics and sub-tropics